The process of verifying that a user, device, or system is who or what it claims to be.
Authentication answers the question: who are you? It is different from authorization, which decides what an authenticated user is allowed to do. Common authentication factors fall into three groups: something you know (a password or PIN), something you have (a phone or hardware key), and something you are (a fingerprint or face).
Because passwords are often reused or stolen, many services now combine factors through multi-factor authentication or replace passwords with passkeys based on public-key cryptography. Systems also authenticate each other, for example when a server presents a certificate during a TLS handshake. Strong authentication is one of the most effective defenses against account takeover and is a core pillar of zero trust security.
The measurement of unique physical or behavioral traits, such as fingerprints or facial features, to identify or authenticate people.
E-SignatureAn electronic way to sign documents and agreements online, legally recognized for many transactions in most countries.
JSON Web TokenA compact, signed token format used to securely pass identity and permission claims between a client and a server.
Multi-Factor AuthenticationA login method that requires two or more different types of proof of identity, such as a password plus a code from your phone.
OAuthAn open standard that lets users grant an app limited access to their data on another service without sharing their password.
PasskeyA passwordless sign-in credential based on FIDO2 and WebAuthn that uses a cryptographic key pair stored on your device instead of a password.
Principle of Least PrivilegeA security rule that people, programs, and devices should have only the minimum access needed to do their job, and no more.
Transport Layer SecurityThe cryptographic protocol that encrypts and authenticates data sent over networks, securing HTTPS, email, and many other services.
Zero TrustA security model built on the principle never trust, always verify, requiring every user and device to be authenticated and authorized continuously.
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