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Cybersecurity

Zero trust, passkeys, threat trends and security advice that works in the real world.

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The essential cybersecurity guides

Cybersecurity · topic

Network and cloud security

9 guides

How to Secure Microsoft 365: A Settings Checklist for Admins

To secure Microsoft 365, turn on MFA for everyone (security defaults or Conditional Access), block legacy authentication, limit Global Admins to fewer than five, apply the Standard preset …

11 min readOct 14, 2026

What Is SASE? Secure Access Service Edge Explained

SASE (secure access service edge) is a cloud-delivered model that combines networking (SD-WAN) with security services such as a secure web gateway, cloud access security broker, firewall-as-a-service and …

11 min readOct 8, 2026

What Is Network Segmentation and Why Does It Matter? A Simple Office Example

Network segmentation splits one network into separate zones, such as staff computers, guest Wi-Fi, payment systems, cameras and servers, with firewall rules controlling what can talk to what. …

9 min readOct 17, 2026

Google Workspace Security Checklist for Admins

To secure Google Workspace, enforce 2-Step Verification (security keys or passkeys for admins), keep at least 2 super admins with limited daily-use accounts, set Drive's default sharing to …

11 min readOct 10, 2026

SPF, DKIM and DMARC Explained: How to Stop Email Spoofing

SPF lists the servers allowed to send email for your domain, DKIM adds a cryptographic signature that proves a message wasn't altered, and DMARC tells receiving servers what …

10 min readOct 9, 2026

Cloud Security Checklist for Growing Companies

A cloud security checklist for a growing company should cover 4 areas: identity (MFA on every account, locked-down root and admin users, least privilege), logging (central audit logs …

9 min readOct 6, 2026

How to Secure Your Business Wi-Fi Network

To secure business Wi-Fi, change the router's default admin password, turn on WPA3 (or WPA2/WPA3 mixed mode for older devices), use a long unique passphrase, and put guests …

10 min readSep 29, 2026

What Is Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM)? How It Works and When You Need It

Cloud security posture management (CSPM) is software that continuously scans your cloud accounts for risky misconfigurations, such as public storage buckets, open network ports, missing encryption or overly …

9 min readSep 10, 2026

VPN vs ZTNA: Which Remote Access Option Is Right for Your Team?

A VPN connects a remote user to your whole network, often giving more access than they need. ZTNA (zero trust network access) connects users only to specific apps …

10 min readSep 5, 2026
Cybersecurity · topic

Small business security

9 guides

How to Back Up Business Data: The 3-2-1 Rule and Beyond

To back up business data, follow the 3-2-1 rule: keep 3 copies of important data on 2 different types of storage, with 1 copy off-site. Automate backups, protect …

10 min readOct 17, 2026

How to Run Security Awareness Training That Sticks

Security awareness training sticks when it runs all year in small doses. Give employees a short lesson every month, run simulated phishing tests every month or quarter, make …

10 min readOct 13, 2026

Cybersecurity Checklist for Small Business: A 7-Day Plan

A small business cybersecurity checklist starts with 4 essentials: multifactor authentication on email and key accounts, a password manager with unique passwords, automatic software updates and staff training …

10 min readOct 8, 2026

BYOD Security Policy: How to Secure Employee-Owned Devices

A BYOD policy sets the rules for using personal phones, tablets and laptops for work. It should define which devices qualify, the minimum security settings, how work data …

12 min readOct 6, 2026

Cybersecurity for Nonprofits on a Tight Budget

Nonprofits can cover most cyber risk on a small budget by turning on multi-factor authentication, using a password manager, limiting who can see donor data, giving volunteers their …

10 min readOct 3, 2026

How to Write a Cybersecurity Policy for Your Company

To write a cybersecurity policy, start with a short master policy that names an owner, the data you protect and the rules everyone follows. Then add 5 core …

10 min readOct 3, 2026

What Do Cyber Insurance Companies Require Before Covering You?

Cyber insurance requirements vary by carrier, but underwriters commonly ask about multifactor authentication for email, remote access and admin accounts, endpoint detection and response, tested offline or immutable …

9 min readOct 15, 2026

How Much Does Cybersecurity Cost for a Small Business?

Small business cybersecurity cost depends on headcount, data sensitivity and how much you outsource. Core tools are usually priced per user per month: endpoint protection can start around …

10 min readOct 10, 2026

MSSP vs MDR: Which Security Service Fits Your Business?

An MSSP (managed security service provider) manages a broad set of security tools and tasks, such as firewalls, monitoring, patching and compliance reports, and usually alerts you when …

10 min readOct 9, 2026
Cybersecurity · topic

Threats and attacks

9 guides

What Is a Zero-Day Vulnerability? Lifecycle, Examples and Defenses

A zero-day vulnerability is a software flaw that attackers know about or exploit before the vendor has a fix, so defenders have had "zero days" to patch. You …

10 min readOct 9, 2026

How Hackers Use AI and How to Defend Against It

Hackers use AI to write convincing phishing emails, clone voices for payment fraud, create deepfake video, research targets and speed up vulnerability scanning and exploit development. The defenses …

11 min readOct 8, 2026

What Is a DDoS Attack and How Do You Defend Against It?

A DDoS attack floods a website, server or network with traffic from many hijacked devices until real users can't get through. Attacks target bandwidth, network protocols or the …

10 min readOct 2, 2026

Cybersecurity Trends 2026: What to Prepare For

The biggest cybersecurity trends in 2026 are attackers exploiting software vulnerabilities faster, AI-powered phishing and voice fraud, ransomware that still hits about half of breaches, new incident reporting …

11 min readSep 22, 2026

How to Spot Phishing Emails: Real Warning Signs

To spot phishing emails, check the sender's full address, hover over links to see where they really go, and be suspicious of urgent threats, unexpected invoices, payment or …

11 min readOct 20, 2026

What Is Business Email Compromise (BEC) and How to Prevent It

Business email compromise (BEC) is a scam where criminals impersonate or take over a trusted email account, such as a CEO, vendor or title company, to trick staff …

11 min readOct 14, 2026

What Is Social Engineering? Tactics, Examples and Defenses

Social engineering is manipulating people, rather than hacking systems, to get money, access or information. Attackers impersonate someone trusted, create urgency and ask for a payment, password or …

11 min readSep 24, 2026

What Is a Software Supply Chain Attack? How Vendors Become Entry Points

A software supply chain attack compromises a trusted vendor, update, open-source package or service provider so the attacker can reach that supplier's customers. Victims install the malicious code …

10 min readSep 17, 2026

OWASP Top 10 Explained in Plain English

The OWASP Top 10 is a widely used list of the most critical web application security risks, published by the nonprofit OWASP Foundation. The current 2025 edition is …

10 min readSep 15, 2026
Cybersecurity · topic

Compliance and frameworks

8 guides

CMMC 2.0 Compliance Guide for Defense Contractors

CMMC compliance means meeting the cybersecurity level your Defense Department contract requires. Level 1 covers 15 basic safeguards for Federal Contract Information with an annual self-assessment. Level 2 …

11 min readOct 20, 2026

CIS Critical Security Controls: Where to Start (IG1 Explained)

The CIS Critical Security Controls are 18 prioritized groups of security practices, broken into 153 specific safeguards. Most small teams should start with Implementation Group 1 (IG1), 56 …

9 min readSep 29, 2026

NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0 Explained for Small Businesses

NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 is a free, voluntary guide from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, published February 26, 2024, to help any organization manage cybersecurity …

9 min readSep 29, 2026

PCI DSS Compliance for Small Businesses: A Plain-English Guide

PCI compliance for a small business means following the PCI Data Security Standard when you accept card payments. Most small merchants validate each year with a Self-Assessment Questionnaire …

10 min readOct 17, 2026

FTC Safeguards Rule: Who It Applies To and What It Requires

The FTC Safeguards Rule requires non-bank financial institutions, including car dealers that arrange financing, tax preparers, mortgage brokers and lenders, to run a written information security program. That …

10 min readOct 3, 2026

How to Do a HIPAA Security Risk Assessment: A Step-by-Step Guide for Practices

A HIPAA security risk assessment means listing everywhere your practice stores or sends electronic patient data, identifying threats and weaknesses, rating each risk by likelihood and impact, and …

11 min readSep 24, 2026

ISO 27001 vs SOC 2: Which Certification Do You Need?

Choose based on your customers. SOC 2 is a CPA attestation report that US buyers, especially SaaS customers, usually ask for. ISO 27001 is an international certification of …

10 min readSep 18, 2026

SEC Cybersecurity Disclosure Rules Explained: Form 8-K Item 1.05 and Item 106

The SEC's cybersecurity disclosure rules, adopted in July 2023, require US public companies to report material cybersecurity incidents on Form 8-K Item 1.05, generally within 4 business days …

10 min readSep 15, 2026
Cybersecurity · topic

Identity and access

8 guides

The Principle of Least Privilege: How to Apply It With an Access Review

The principle of least privilege means giving every user, app and process only the minimum access needed to do its job, and nothing more. To apply it, inventory …

9 min readOct 17, 2026

What Is Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)? Types Compared

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) requires 2 or more kinds of proof to sign in, such as a password plus a code, a phone prompt or a security key. Any …

11 min readOct 14, 2026

Employee Offboarding IT Security Checklist

On an employee's last day, disable their main work account and SSO, revoke MFA and active sessions, change shared passwords they knew, remove admin and third-party app access, …

9 min readSep 24, 2026

What Is Privileged Access Management (PAM)? How to Protect Admin Accounts

Privileged access management (PAM) is the set of tools and practices that control, monitor and protect accounts with high-level permissions, such as administrators, root and service accounts. It …

9 min readOct 10, 2026

What Is Single Sign-On (SSO) and Should Your Business Use It?

Single sign-on (SSO) lets employees log in once with one company account and then reach all connected apps without separate passwords. It cuts password reuse, speeds up onboarding …

10 min readOct 9, 2026

RBAC vs ABAC: Access Control Models Compared, With Examples

RBAC grants access based on a person's job role, such as "billing clerk" or "admin". ABAC grants access by checking attributes of the user, the resource, the action …

10 min readOct 6, 2026

How to Choose a Password Manager for Your Business

Choose a business password manager with end-to-end, zero-knowledge encryption, shared vaults with role-based permissions, admin policies, SSO and directory integration, audit logs, and a clear account recovery process. …

9 min readOct 2, 2026

What Is Identity and Access Management (IAM)? A Plain-English Model

Identity and access management (IAM) is the set of policies and tools that decide who or what can sign in to your systems and what each one can …

10 min readSep 11, 2026
Cybersecurity · topic

Security basics

8 guides

XDR vs EDR vs MDR: Security Acronyms Decoded

EDR is software that watches and responds to threats on endpoints like laptops and servers. XDR is software that correlates detections across endpoints, email, identity, cloud and network …

10 min readOct 14, 2026

What Is Encryption and How Does It Protect Your Data?

Encryption scrambles data with a mathematical key so only someone holding the right key can read it. Encryption in transit protects data moving across a network, such as …

12 min readOct 3, 2026

EDR vs Antivirus: What's the Difference and Do You Need Both?

Antivirus tries to block known malicious files before they run, mostly by matching signatures and patterns. EDR (endpoint detection and response) records what happens on each device, spots …

9 min readSep 18, 2026

What Is a Firewall and Do Small Businesses Need One?

A firewall is a security control that inspects network traffic and blocks connections that break your rules, shielding devices from unwanted access. Yes, every small business needs one. …

11 min readOct 5, 2026

What Is SIEM? Security Information and Event Management Explained

SIEM (security information and event management) is software that collects logs from your servers, cloud apps, firewalls, identity systems and endpoints into one place, then correlates them to …

9 min readSep 29, 2026

Vulnerability Scan vs Penetration Test: Which Do You Need?

A vulnerability scan is an automated check that lists known weaknesses across your systems, run monthly or quarterly. A penetration test is a time-boxed attack by skilled testers …

10 min readSep 24, 2026

Types of Malware Explained: Viruses, Trojans, Spyware and More

The main types of malware are viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, spyware, adware, keyloggers, infostealers, rootkits, botnets, remote access trojans, cryptojackers, wipers and fileless malware. They differ in how …

10 min readSep 19, 2026

What Is Cybersecurity? A Beginner's Guide for Businesses

Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting computers, networks, accounts and data from theft, damage and disruption. For a business, it covers who can log in, how devices and …

9 min readSep 15, 2026
Cybersecurity · topic

Incident response

7 guides

What to Do If Your Business Is Hacked: The First 24 Hours

If your business is hacked, isolate affected devices from the network without powering them off, call your IT provider and cyber insurer, and switch to phone or a …

10 min readOct 19, 2026

What Is a Security Operations Center (SOC)? Roles, Tiers and In-House vs Outsourced

A security operations center (SOC) is the team, processes and tools that monitor an organization's systems around the clock, investigate alerts and respond to cyber threats. Analysts work …

9 min readOct 14, 2026

Data Breach Notification Requirements in the US: Who Must Be Told and When

Every US state, plus DC, Puerto Rico, Guam and the US Virgin Islands, has a breach notification law, and federal rules add duties for health, financial and public …

10 min readSep 24, 2026

How to Run a Cybersecurity Tabletop Exercise: 90-Minute Script and Scenarios

A cybersecurity tabletop exercise is a 60–120 minute discussion where your incident team talks through a realistic attack scenario, step by step, without touching real systems. To run …

11 min readSep 18, 2026

What Is Digital Forensics in Incident Response? Evidence, Process and When to Call a Firm

Digital forensics is the process of collecting, preserving and analyzing data from computers, networks, cloud accounts and phones to work out what happened in a security incident. In …

9 min readOct 9, 2026

Business Continuity vs Disaster Recovery: What's the Difference?

Business continuity keeps the whole business running during a disruption: people, processes, customers, suppliers and facilities. Disaster recovery is the IT part, restoring systems, applications and data after …

9 min readOct 2, 2026

How to Create an Incident Response Plan (With a Fill-In Outline)

To create an incident response plan, name an incident lead and backups, list key contacts, define what counts as an incident and how severe it is, and write …

10 min readSep 17, 2026
Glossary

Cybersecurity terms explained

Full glossary
API Key

A unique code that identifies an application or user when it calls an API, used to control access, track usage, and apply billing.

Authentication

The process of verifying that a user, device, or system is who or what it claims to be.

Biometrics

The measurement of unique physical or behavioral traits, such as fingerprints or facial features, to identify or authenticate people.

Botnet

A network of compromised computers or devices controlled remotely by an attacker, often used for spam, fraud, or DDoS attacks.

Brute Force Attack

An attempt to break into an account or decrypt data by systematically trying many possible passwords or keys until one works.

Bug Bounty

A program in which an organization rewards independent researchers for responsibly reporting security vulnerabilities in its systems.

Business Email Compromise

A scam in which criminals impersonate or take over a business email account to trick staff into sending money or sensitive data.

Credential Stuffing

An attack that uses usernames and passwords stolen from one breach to try logging in to many other websites automatically.

Cyber Insurance

An insurance policy that helps cover financial losses from cyber incidents such as data breaches, ransomware, and online fraud.

Cybersecurity

The practice of protecting computers, networks, software, and data from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage.

DDoS Attack

Distributed Denial of Service: an attack that floods a website or network with traffic from many sources to make it unavailable.

Data Breach

An incident in which sensitive, protected, or confidential information is accessed, stolen, or disclosed without authorization.

Data Loss Prevention

Tools and policies, known as DLP, that detect and stop sensitive data from being shared, leaked, or moved outside approved channels.

Encryption

The process of converting readable data into scrambled ciphertext that only someone with the correct key can decode.

Endpoint Detection and Response

Security software, known as EDR, that continuously monitors computers and servers to detect, investigate, and stop threats.

Endpoint Security

Protecting devices such as laptops, phones, and servers that connect to a network from malware, exploitation, and misuse.